Because
and because of
Because means ‘for the
reason that’. It is a conjunction. It is used at the beginning of a clause.
Because of
is a two-word preposition. It means ‘by
reason of’, ‘on account of’. It is used before a noun or a pronoun.
Compare:
·
We
couldn’t go out because it rained.
·
We
couldn’t go out because of the rain.
Position
Because and its clause can go either
before or after the main clause.
I did it because he told me to do it.
Because he told me to do it, I did it.
Exercises :
1. The
restaurant closed down ........ the recession
a.
Because of c.
couldn’t
b. Because
d. couldn’t of
2. He
found working in Japan very difficult ......... the language problem
a. Because
of c.
couldn’t
b. Because
d. couldn’t of
3. He's
very difficult to understand ......... his accent
a. Because c. Conjuction
b. Because
of d.
too fast
4. They
moved to Liverpool ......... her job
a. Was c. because of
b. Where d. they come
5. There
have been a lot of problems in Britain ........ mad cow disease
a. Got
a job c. crashed
b. Because
of d.
driving
6. They
came to London ........ he got a job there
a. Because
of c. because
b. Actually d. nothing for
7. He
crashed his car ........ he was driving too fast
a. Because
of c. couldn’t
b. Because
d. couldn’t of
8. He
lost his driving licence ......... he was convicted of drinking and driving
a. Was c. because
b. Where d. they come
9. She
could only eat a salad in the restaurant ...... she is a vegetarian
a. Because
of c. because
b. Actually d. nothing for
10. The
newspaper was prosecuted ........ an article about the Government
a. Got
a job c. crashed
b. Because
of d.
driving
Noun
Clause
Noun
Clause adalah Clause yang digunakan sebagai pengganti noun atau berfungsi
sebagai noun (kata benda). Selain Noun Clause ini, sebenarnya masih ada clause
lainnya seperti Adverb Clause dan Adjective Clause. Untuk mendalami penjelasan
mengenai Noun Clause, silahkan perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:
Menurut jenis kalimat asalnya, Noun Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 macam, yaitu:
1. Statement (pernyataan)
Menurut jenis kalimat asalnya, Noun Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 macam, yaitu:
1. Statement (pernyataan)
Conjunction yang dipakai adalah:
"that".
Contoh : •
Kangaroo lives in Australia (statement)
• That Kangaroo lives is Australia is well known to all (Noun Clause)
• That Kangaroo lives is Australia is well known to all (Noun Clause)
2. Question
(pertanyaan)
Conjunction yang
dipakai adalah: "whether (or not/or if)".
Contoh :
·
Can
she drive the car? (Question)
·
Whether she can drive
the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
Whether or not she can drive the car doesn't
concern me. (Noun Clause)
Whether she can drive the car or not doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
Whether or if she can drive the car doesn't concern
me. (Noun Clause)
3. Request (permintaan)
Conjunction yang dipakai adalah:
"that".
Contoh : • Read
the book! (Request)
• He suggested that I read the book. (Noun Clause)
• He suggested that I read the book. (Noun Clause)
4. Exclamation
(seruan).
Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya yang dipakai pada kalimat itu sendiri"
Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya yang dipakai pada kalimat itu sendiri"
Contoh : • What a pretty girl she is?
(Exclamation)
• I never realize what a pretty girl she is. (Noun Clause)
• I never realize what a pretty girl she is. (Noun Clause)
Exercises :
1.
Bob
told me that he had finished breakfast.
a.
That c. this
b.
Are d. because
2.
He
complained to his friend … his wife couldn't cook.
a.
Should c. that
b.
Are d. could
3.
I
am sorry … I couldn't meet you at the
station.
a.
Is c. already
b.
Plan d. that
4.
He
says … they plan to come to the dance.
a.
What
c. had
b.
So d. of the
5.
We
thought … you had already left for abroad.
a.
Before c. is
b.
Wish d. that
6.
The
reason we returned so early is, … one of the children got sick.
a.
There
are c. should
b.
That d. this is
7.
He
is … a company car be placed at his disposal.
a.
Following
that c. answer that
b.
Requeting that d.
register that
8.
The
doctor … he take a vacation.
a.
Ask
that c. conversation that
b.
Suggested that d. recommended that.
9.
It
was … she leave immediately.
a.
Ask
that c. conversation that
b.
Suggested that d.
recommended that.
10.
It
was … the meeting be adjourned.
a.
Suggested
that c. proposed that
b.
Not only d. nothing for
Not only – but also
Not only… but also can be a difficult correlative conjunction to
work with because of the extra words and their placement in the sentence. Just
remember to use two verbs that make chronological sense, two adjectives, or two
nouns.
Exercises :
1.
He
painted … but also the "Mona Lisa."
a.
not only the "Annunciation" c.
not only for communication
b.
but
only the annucation d. but only for communication
2.
He
played … for Washington … for Detroit and Pittsburgh.
a.
Not
only c. but also
b.
Not only and but also d.
are and only
3.
He
coached … soccer but also tennis.
a.
Not only c. but also
b.
For
d. waiting
4.
He
taught … physics and chemistry … algebra and geometry.
a.
Not
only c. but also
b.
Not only and but also d.
are and only
5.
He
… coached three sports.
a.
not only taught five periods a day but also
b.
Not only do we want to go
c.
Sometimes it is not only
d.
not
only the "Annunciation"
6.
… but we also have enough money.
a.
not
only taught five periods a day but also
b.
Not only
do we want to go
c.
Sometimes it is not only
d.
not
only the "Annunciation"
7.
… to your parents but also
interesting.
a.
Sometimes
it is not only wise to listen
b.
Sometimes it is not only
c.
not
only the "Annunciation"
d.
not
only taught five periods a day but also
8.
Not
alone did she win the race, but …
a.
she also beat the record
c. He’s not
only funny
b. also many diminutives
d. had already left for abroad
9.
The
name Ann has not only many different spellings but …
a.
she
also beat the record c. He’s
not only funny
b. also many
diminutives d.
had already left for abroad
10. He’s
… , but also he’s
intelligent.
a.
she
also beat the record c. not only funny
b.
also
many diminutives d.
had already left for abroad
Adjective and adverb
Adjective are words that
describe nouns or pronouns. They may come before the word they describe (That
is a cute puppy.) or they may follow the word they describe (That puppy is
cute).
Examples:
She’s
an excellent dancer.
I’ve
got a new apartment.
Adverb are words that
modify everything but nouns and pronouns. They modify adjectives, verbs, and
other adverbs. A word is an adverb if it answers how, when,
or where.
Examples:
-
She learns quickly.
- You can speak English well.
- You can speak English well.
Rule
1
Generally,
if a word answers the question how, it is an adverb. If it can have an
-ly added to it, place it there.
Examples:
She thinks slow/slowly.
She thinks how? slowly.
She is a slow/slowly thinker.
Slow does not answer how, so no -ly is attached. Slow is an adjective here.
She thinks fast/fastly.
Fast answers the question how, so it is an adverb. But fast never has an -ly attached to it.
We performed bad/badly.
Badly describes how we performed.
She thinks slow/slowly.
She thinks how? slowly.
She is a slow/slowly thinker.
Slow does not answer how, so no -ly is attached. Slow is an adjective here.
She thinks fast/fastly.
Fast answers the question how, so it is an adverb. But fast never has an -ly attached to it.
We performed bad/badly.
Badly describes how we performed.
Rule
2
A
special -ly rule applies when four of the senses - taste, smell,
look, feel - are the verbs. Do not ask if these senses answer
the question how to determine if -ly should be attached.
Instead, ask if the sense verb is being used actively. If so, use the -ly.
Examples:
Roses smell sweet/sweetly.
Do the roses actively smell with noses? No, so no -ly.
The woman looked angry/angrily.
Did the woman actively look with eyes or are we describing her appearance? We are only describing appearance, so no -ly.
The woman looked angry/angrily at the paint splotches.
Here the woman did actively look with eyes, so the -ly is added.
She feels bad/badly about the news.
She is not feeling with fingers, so no -ly.
Roses smell sweet/sweetly.
Do the roses actively smell with noses? No, so no -ly.
The woman looked angry/angrily.
Did the woman actively look with eyes or are we describing her appearance? We are only describing appearance, so no -ly.
The woman looked angry/angrily at the paint splotches.
Here the woman did actively look with eyes, so the -ly is added.
She feels bad/badly about the news.
She is not feeling with fingers, so no -ly.
Good
vs. Well
Rule
3
The
word good is an adjective, while well is an adverb.
Examples:
You did a good job.
Good describes the job.
You did the job well.
Well answers how.
You smell good today.
Describes your odor, not how you smell with your nose, so follow with the adjective. You smell well for someone with a cold.
You are actively smelling with a nose here, so follow with the adverb.
You did a good job.
Good describes the job.
You did the job well.
Well answers how.
You smell good today.
Describes your odor, not how you smell with your nose, so follow with the adjective. You smell well for someone with a cold.
You are actively smelling with a nose here, so follow with the adverb.
Rule
4
When
referring to health, use well rather than good.
Example:
I do not feel well. You do not look well today.
I do not feel well. You do not look well today.
Note:
You may use good with feel when you are not referring to
health.
Example:
I feel good about my decision to learn Spanish.
I feel good about my decision to learn Spanish.
Exercises :
1.
Below is a sentence Adjective, except….
a.
She has a cute puppy.
b.
I’m really happy today.
c.
She’s
got a new job so she feels great.
d.
Toni is fifteen years old. Rudy is also fifteen
years
2.
I would
rather go skiing … rock climbing.
a.
Than c. there
b.
Where d. this
3.
First we
went skiing; … we went rock climbing.
a.
Then c. this
b.
When d. than
4.
Below is a sentence Adjective, except….
a. He’s
quick at learning new things
b.
He
thinks math is easy.
c.
He’s
a happy man.
d.
He teaches simply and clearly.
5.
Below is a sentence Adverbs, except….
a.
He didn’t do badly in his test.
b.
He learns quickly.
c.
Beberapa adverb sama dengan adjective
d.
He’s quick at learning new things
6.
Use
... to show comparison
a.
Then c. this
b.
When d. than
7. … babies have been smiling for a long
time.
a. Then c. These
b. Those d. this
8. She spoke more … than he did.
a. Quickly c. some there
b. Must crazy d. smile
9.
Below is a sentence Adverbs, except….
a.
He runs fast
b.
He studies hard
c.
He can do math easily.
d.
She’s got a new job so she feels great.
10. Below is a sentence Adverbs, except….
a.
He didn’t get a bad test score.
b.
He runs fast
c.
He studies hard
d.
He can do math easily.
DEGREE OF COMPARISON
Degrees of Comparison merupakan kalimat perbandingan, yang digunakan untuk membandingkan dua hal,benda tempat, orang atau lebih. Dalam bahasa Inggris Tingkat perbandingan dibedakan menjadi 3 tingkat :
1. Tingkat perbandingan Positive
2. Tingkat perbandingan Comparative
3. Tingkat perbandingan Superlative
1. Positive (Tingkat perbandingan yang setingkat)
Be + as + adjective +as
Ex : Toni is fifteen years old. Rudy is also fifteen years
Toni is as old as Rudy
Mr. Hassan’s car is expensive as Mr. Effendi’s car
Mr. Hassan’s car is as expensive as Mr. Effendi’s car
2. Comparative (Tingkat perbandingan lebih)
• Dalam tingkat perbandingan lebih yang dibandingkan satu banding satu dengan menggunakan ciri “ than”
• Bentuk ini dibuat dengan menambah “er” pada akhir bentuk positif.
Ex : This box is 10 kilos. That box is 8 kilos
This box is heavier that that box
Your ruler is 30 cm. My ruler is 50 cm
Your ruler is shorter than my ruler
3. Superlative (Tingkat perbandingan paling)
- Dalam tingkat perbandingan iniyang dibandingkan satu banding banyak dengan ciri “The”
- Bentuk ini dibuat dengan menambahkan “est” pada akhir bentuk positif.
Exercises :
1. Andi is 165 cm tall. Donna is 167 cm
tall. So, Donna is taller than Andi.
2. My father is 45 years old. My mother
is 46 years old. So, My mother is older
than my father.
3. A buffalo is big. But, an elephant is
bigger than a cow.
4. Bengawan Solo river is long but Nil
river is longer than Bengawan Solo
river.
5. Most students think Mathematic is more difficult than Social Science.
6. Roger is 12 years old. Danu is 15
years old. So, Roger is younger than Danu.
7. A hill is shorter
than a mountain.
8. A horse runs faster
than a goat.
9. A car’s price is usually more expensive than a
motorbike’s price.
10. The red jacket is 60,000 rupiahs.
The blue jacket costs 75,000 rupiahs. The red jacket is cheaper
than the blue jacket.
Have something done
Have something done is something
bad happens to somebody or their belongings
Have + object + past participle
Take a look at
these two sentences. What is the difference in meaning between them?
'I
cut my hair.'
'I have my hair cut.'
'I have my hair cut.'
'I
cut my hair' means that I do it myself.
'I have my hair cut means someone cuts my hair for me (in this case it's probably a hairdresser).
'I have my hair cut means someone cuts my hair for me (in this case it's probably a hairdresser).
We use have something done to mean
another person does a service for us.
The grammar for this is pretty simple:
Have + object + past participle
Let's take a look at a few more
examples:
'We
didn't want to cook so we had a pizza delivered.'
'I had my car washed at that new place by the station.'
'I had my watch fixed.'
'I had my car washed at that new place by the station.'
'I had my watch fixed.'
Exercises :
1.
We're
getting a new house ___.
a.
Build c. built
b.
Builds d. builded
2.
You
will need to get your photo ___ for your new passport.
a.
Taken c. took
b.
Take d. taked
3.
A
jeweller's is a place where you can have your watch ___ .
a.
Stolen c. delivered
b.
Repaired d. cut
4.
A
florist's is a place where you can have flowers ___.
a.
Delivered c. checked
b.
Cleaned d. fixed
5.
I
had my bag ___ when I was on holiday.
a.
Sealed c.
stolen
b.
Stealed d. steal
6.
I'm
going to have my bedroom walls ___ this weekend.
a.
Panted c.
painteded
b.
Painted d. paint
7.
I
had my holiday pictures ___ in an hour at the photograph shop.
a.
Repaired c. developed
b.
Cut d. checked
8.
Whenever
Clara is staying at this hotel, she has her bags ___ into her room.
a.
Going c. what up
b.
Beautifull d.
carried
9.
I
will have the goods ___ up
tomorrow in the afternoon.
a.
Picked c. check in
b.
Check
out d. bad
10. Every Friday,
Joe has his car ___.
a.
Washed c. carried
b.
Used d. nothing
